Is Traditional Masculinity Still Valued? Men’s Perceptions of How Different Reference Groups Value Traditional Masculinity Norms

Traditional masculinity norms are generally defined as hegemonic because they contribute to maintaining men’s favorable position in the gender hierarchy. Nevertheless, many observers argue that traditional fading away under pressure of feminist movements and being replaced by more progressive, non-hegemonic norms. The present research examines perceptions how viewed three reference groups: society a whole, other men, women. We assessed these via two experiments based on self-presentation paradigm involving American ( N = 161) or British 160) men. Participants both perceived valued men but not whole discuss implications findings light current changes